जनपदोद्ध्वंस with reference to वायु मालिन्या

Summary:

• Environmental health is rooted in the Vatakalakaliya chapter in
  the Sutrasthana and then in the Janopadodhwansa Adhyaya by Caraka. The context mixed with Visha has been explained by Acharya Sushruta in Kalpasthan.
• Janapada are threatened by the effect of Vayu malinya.
• Prakriti although playing vital role for purification of Vaayu malinya with its Prakrit guna , due to large upgrowing of Janapada and their Adharma, it is becoming
• Vikrita vayu manifests ऋतुविषम, अतिचल, अतिशीत, अतिरूक्षं causing शिखरिशिखरावमथन, सरसा उद्वर्तन, भूम आकम्पनं etc. along with manifestation of  Roga.
• जनपदोद्ध्वंस r.t वायु मालिन्या has close relevance with greatest issue of today’s time : Pollution, Endemic, and Global warming.
• The grave problems like Pollution, Endemics & Global Warming are detrimental and create hazard to Purusha – (Loka purusha siddhantha).
• Those should be overcome by the Shodhana and Samana, ethical conduct with implementation of Sadvritta, Achara Rasayana with respect to Janapad. 

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Contents

1. BASIC CONCEPT OF जनपदोद्ध्वंस..
2. वायु गुण..
3. विकृत वायु.
4. प्रकुपित लोक वायु प्रभाव (CONSEQUENCES OF VITIATED LOKA VAYU)
5. CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE:
6. LOK PURUSH SAMANYA SIDDHANTA.
7. TREATMENT MEASURES.
8. CONCLUSIONS.
9. REFERENCES:

 

BASIC CONCEPT OF जनपदोद्ध्वंस

Derivation of जनपदोद्ध्वंस

जनपद + उद्ध्वंस

जनस्य लोकस्य पदं आश्रयस्थानं |  (अमरकोष)

जनस्थलोस्यपदं आश्रय स्थानंतत्रजनपदं, जनपदानं । गगांधर

ध्वम्स – विनाशे | (वाचस्पत्यं )

 

Introduction of जनपदोद्ध्वंस

जनपदानां, जनसमूहानम् उध्वम्सनमिति जनपदोध्वसं|| (जल्पकल्पतरु)

जनपद् – Group of peoples leaving in specific location, i.e community     

उद्ध्वंसकर – refers to destruction

The factors which destroys the health of the people living in a specific area due to pollution of Air(~vayu), Water(~Jala), Place(~Bhumi/soil) and Time(~Kala).

      In modern science it is called as epidemics/Pestilence[i]

 

Synonyms:

जन मारक (~killing the janapada-)- भेल सहिंता

मारक व्याधी (~The vyadhi affecting the large population)

 

जनपदोद्ध्वंसकर भाव

… तमुवाच भगवानात्रेयः- एवमसामान्यावतामप्येभिरग्निवेश! प्रकृत्यादिभिर्भावैर्मनुष्याणां येऽन्ये भावाः सामान्यास्तद्वैगुण्यात् समानकालाः समानलिङ्गाश्च व्याधयोऽभिनिर्वर्तमाना जनपदमुद्ध्वंसयन्ति|
ते तु खल्विमे भावाः सामान्या जनपदेषु भवन्ति; तद्यथा– वायुः, उदकं, देशः, काल इति||(च. वि. ३/६ )||

Context:

Individuals get affected with a disease only when the causative factors arenot conductive to the physical constitution etc. of the patient. Physical constitution etc.of individuals vary from person to person. Obviously there should be variations in the causative factors, if the same disease manifestation itself in all individuals. How do all the individuals having different physical constitutions etc. suffer from the same disease, due to the same set of causative factors? The answer is given by the following statements: Lord atreya replied to agnivesa – एवमसामान्यावतामप्येभिरग्निवेश! प्रकृत्यादिभिर्भावैर्मनुष्याणां येऽन्ये भावाः (even though there is dissimilarity in the physical constitution of human beings.  सामान्यास्तद्वैगुण्यात् समानकालाः still there are such factors as are common to all individuals and vitiation of these factors are common to all individuals  समानलिङ्गाश्च (similar time and similar lashana) व्याधयोऽभिनिर्वर्तमाना जनपदमुद्ध्वंसयन्ति (vitiation of these factors leads to the simultaneous manifestation of symptoms leading to the destruction of countries)[ii]

ते तु खल्विमे भावाः सामान्या जनपदेषु भवन्ति; तद्यथा- वायुः, उदकं, देशः, काल इति||(च. वि. ३/६ )||

Factors which are common for all the inhabitants of a country are air, water, location and seasons.

Discussion: There are two factors producing disease in living beings. 1. सामान्य/ साधारण 2. असाधारण . The asaadharan is defined as the excessive for each individual such as aahara etc. influencing the state of dosha while saamanya are  those factors which constitutes vaayu, jala, desha, kaala etc which are common for people and as such when vitiated causes common disorder in the form of epidemic which destroy of the community. The general modality for those factors is the treatment procedure for asadhara is to be carried out as according to पुरुषं पुरुषं वीक्ष्य स ज्ञेयो भिषगुत्तमः||च.सू.१.१२३|| explained by Acharya Caraka which describes the treatment modality for the samanya bhav willnot as similar to the blanket covering approach i.e according to dosha-dusya samurchana the treatment protocol is to be maintained.   

 

जनपदोद्ध्वंस कारण

वाय्वादीनां यद्वैगुण्यमुत्पद्यते तस्य मूलमधर्मः, तन्मूलं वाऽसत्कर्म  पूर्वकृतं; तयोर्योनिः प्रज्ञापराध एव³| च.वि.३.१९/२०

• अधर्म
• प्रज्ञापराध*
• शस्त्र प्रभाव
• अभिशाप
• अभिषङ्ग

Adharma (~Unethical Practices) and Pragyaparadha (Intellectual bles is also mentioned as the main cause of environmental hazards.[iii]

*धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रष्टः कर्म यत् कुरुतेऽशुभम्|
प्रज्ञापराधं तं विद्यात् सर्वदोषप्रकोपणम्||च.शा.१.१०२||

 

वायु गुण

वायोर्गुणाः रूक्षलघुशीतदारुणखरविशदाः ।       (च.सू. १२/४)

प्राकृतिक वायु–   

धरणीधारणं, ज्वलनोज्ज्वालनं, आदित्यचन्द्रनक्षत्रग्रहगणानां सन्तानगतिविधानं, सृष्टिश्च मेघानां, अपां विसर्गः, प्रवर्तनं स्रोतसां, पुष्पफलानां चाभिनिर्वर्तनम्, उद्भेदनं चौद्भिदानाम्,

ऋतूनां प्रविभागः, विभागो धातूनां, धातुमानसंस्थानव्यक्तिः, बीजाभिसंस्कारः, शस्याभिवर्धनमविक्लेदोपशोषणे, अवैकारिकविकारश्चेति । (च.सू.१२/८  वातकलाकलीयोऽध्यायः)

धरणीधारणं ~ Substance of earth, ज्वलनोज्ज्वालनम् ~ kindling of fire, आदित्यचन्द्रनक्षत्रग्रहगणानां सन्तानगतिविधानं ~ compactness and movement in the sun, moon, stars and सृष्टिश्च मेघानाम्, अपां विसर्गः~planets creation of clouds, प्रवर्तनं स्रोतसां~ showering of rains, flowing of rivers, पुष्पफलानां चाभिनिर्वर्तनम् ~bringing about maturity of flowers and fruit, उद्भेदनं चौद्भिदानाम्, ऋतूनां प्रविभागः, विभागो धातूनां, धातुमानसंस्थानव्यक्तिः ~ classification of seasons as well as mahabhoota and bringing about hardness , बीजाभिसंस्कारः~bringing the power of germination in the seeds ; शस्याभिवर्धनमविक्लेदोपशोषणे ~ bringing about hardness and dryness in the grain, अवैकारिकविकारश्चेति ~ bringing the transformation. This all are for the sustainability of the whole the universe. 

 

विशेषता –

भूतानां भावाभावकरः, सुखासुखयोर्विधाता, सर्वतन्त्राणां विधाता,…. क्रान्ता लोकानां, मृत्युः ।। च.सू.१२/८

So, on further explanation, he explains that due to the prakrit loka vayu playing role in each and every aspects, can be termed as विधाता (god). Furthermore, it is the both the factor of भूतानां (~jiva) भावाभावकरःसुखासुखयोर्विधाता and the one that will produce क्रान्ता लोकानां.

Discussion:

The above mentioned factors can be assumed as the natural Self cleansing property[iv]factors for proper air in the environment. Self-cleansing property of the nature are: Movement of air, atmosphere temperature, sunlight, air, rain, chemical effect of oxygen, and plant life.  If there is more pollution , the cleansing property is difficult.

विकृत वायु

क्रान्ता लोकानां, वाता न सम्यगभिवान्ति सलिलान्युपशुष्यन्ति, ओषधयः स्वभावं परिहायापद्यन्ते          विकृतिं; तत उद्ध्वंसन्ते जनपदाः ………. ।। च.वि.३/१९,२० ।।

This explains the vikrita vayu – the vayu which donnot have the regular flowing or moment.

अनारोग्यकरं वायु

तत्र वातमेवंविधमनारोग्यकरं विद्यात्; तद्यथा-यथर्तुविषममतिस्तिमितमतिचलमतिपरुषमतिशीतमत्युष्णमतिरूक्षमत्यभिष्यन्दिनमतिभैरवारावमतिप्रतिहत परस्परगतिमतिकुण्डलिनमसात्म्यगन्धबाष्पसिकतापांशुधूमोपहतमिति (च.वि.३/७)

दुष्टो वायुरभिष्यन्दी स्तिमितोऽत्युष्णशीतलः । कुण्डली भैरवरवः परुषोऽनात्र्तवो बली ।। ७५ ।। अन्योन्यव्याहतगतिः पांसुवाप्पविषान्वितः । रसवर्णादिविकृतमपक्रान्तविकृतमपक्रान्तविहङ्गगम् । अ.स्र.सू. ९÷७४ ।।

 

• ऋतुविषम
• अस्तिमित
• अतिचल
• अतिपरुष
• अतिशीत
• अत्युष्ण
• अतिरूक्षं
• परस्परगति
• अतिकुण्डलिन
• असात्म्य–गन्ध–वाष्प
• सिकता–पांषु–धूमोपहतं
• विषन्ति[v] (अ.स.सू.९.७४)

ऋर्तुविष- absence of characteristics features in conformity with the season = not according to the seasonal variation that is to be there.  अतिस्तिमित- ~excessive calmness or violet  blow ,अतिचल, अतिपरुष, अतिशीत, अत्युष्ण, अतिरूक्ष, अत्यभिष्यन्दि (~ excessive dryness, cold, heat, roughness, or humidity), अतिभैरवाराव (~excessive clashes among each other) , अतिप्रतिहत (~excessive cyclone type), कुण्डलिनमसात्म्यगन्धबाष्पसिकतापांशुधूमो (association with unwholesome smell, gases, sand, ashes and smoke).

बली (in excess then usual), अन्योन्यव्याहतगति (moves in different directions or in opposite direction), विषान्वित (~contains poisons) are the peculiar words explained by Acharya Vagvata.

 

Discussion: This explanation has got its relevance in the contemporary aspects. The quality air determined for the human beings if deteriorated then it will be acting as अनारोग्यकरं. This shows the features of दुषित वायु. अन्योन्यव्याहतगति (moves in different directions or in opposite direction) which correlates with the terminology परस्परगति.

 Modern sciences has formulated the air quality indexes. Exactly to be frank there is no any pure air. It contain some particles with it. The assessment of the quality air are:

Corrected effect temperature indices of thermal comfort (park, p. 679) are air temperature, velocity, humidity, mean radiant heat.

 

Physical and chemical changes occur in the air (K. Park, p. 679).  The chemical changes are air progressively contaminated by Co2 and the oxygen content decrease due to the metabolic processes. The physical changes occurs due to human occupancy, the increase in temperature, and physical exertion. Increase in the humidity.

 

प्रकुपित लोक वायु प्रभाव (~CONSEQUENCES OF VITIATED LOKA VAYU)

प्रकुपितस्य खल्वस्य लोकेषु चरतः कर्माणीमानि भवन्ति; तद्यथा- शिखरिशिखरावमथनम्, उन्मथनमनोकहानाम्, उत्पीडनं सागराणाम्, उद्वर्तनं सरसां, प्रतिसरणमापगानाम्, आकम्पनं च भूमेः, आधमनमम्बुदानां , नीहारनिर्ह्रादपांशुसिकतामत्स्यभेकोरगक्षाररुधिराश्माशनिविसर्गः, व्यापादनं च षण्णामृतूनां, शस्यानामसङ्घातः, भूतानां चोपसर्गः, भावानां चाभावकरणं, चतुर्युगान्तकराणां मेघसूर्यानलानिलानां विसर्ग (च.सू.१२ /८)

• शिखरिशिखरावमथनम्
• उन्मथन मनोकहानाम्
• उत्पीडनं सागराणाम्
• उद्वर्तनं सरसां
• आकम्पनं च भूमेः
• आधमनमम्बुदानां
• नीहारनिर्ह्रादपांशुसिकतामत्स्यभेकोरगक्षाररुधिराश्माशनिविसर्ग विसर्ग
• व्यापादनं च षण्णामृतूनां
• भूतानां चोपसर्गः
• भावानां चाभावकरणं
• चतुर्युगान्तकराणां मेघसूर्यानलानिलानां विसर्गः

The consequences can be best stated with respect to ~Global warming .

विषसम्प्रयुक्त, दूषित वायु लक्षण

धूमेऽनिले वा विषसम्प्रयुक्ते खगाः श्रमार्ताः प्रपतन्ति भूमौ |
कासप्रतिश्यायशिरोरुजश्च भवन्ति तीव्रा नयनामयाश्च ||सु.कल्प.३/१६||

Smoke or air is poisoned, खगाः श्रमार्ताः (~avian animals) gets exhausted and fall on the ground. It also causes कासप्रतिश्य (~coryza) , शिरोरुजा (~headache), तीव्रा नयनामया (~acute eye diseases)[vi].

 Discussion: due to the effect of the dushit vaya containing the visha, people will be affected with respiratory problems, due to the suffocation the headache (भ्रम, मूच्छादि ) as explained by Acharya Vagavata[vii] . the person will be affected to those disease which are exposed or contact to the environment. Then can be best relevantly seen in the cities like New Dehli of India, which is among the polluted areas of India. WHO found that Delhi had an average of 153 micrograms of the smallest particles, known as PM2.5s, per cubic metre in its air. The international “safe” level for these particles is 6 micrograms per cubic metre[viii]. The disease respiratory disease, eyes problems and skin diseases are major in that city.

Air pollution exposure has been linked extensively to respiratory-related morbidity, particularly with respect to airways disease. Increased exposure levels have been associated with poorly controlled asthma,[ix] asthma hospitalizations, impaired lung function growth, COPD incidence, and COPD exacerbations[x].

⁴शीते धर्मो हिम उष्णो मारूतो विषसंयुक्त ।

भ्रममूच्छादिकारी च शिग्व्रादिस्तत्र चष्यते ।। अ.स्र.सू. ८. ८१,८२

The air that has been poisoned will be cold during summer and during winter, causes giddiness, fainting and other symptoms. There is mentioning of use of  शिग्व्रादि अगद.

CONTEMPORARY RELEVANCE:

AIR POLLUTION:

Pollution is a global problem. The World Health Organization recently estimated that, in 2012, approximately 3.7 million people died because of exposure to ambient air pollution[xi]

The disease burden remains significant even in the developed countries where the levels of air pollutants are generally much lower because of the constant exposure of the large number of people to the air pollutants[xii] Temperature Inversion (K.Park, p. 681)  is the dangerous extreme condition of air (meteorological factor) . Here vertical diffusion of pollutants depends on the vertical temperature gradient. If a layer of heat air overflows a layer of cold air, there is vertical motion and pollution remain trapped at lower level resulting to smog formation. The temperature inversion which is more frequent in the winter months than in spring and summer is a threat to human health.

Discussion: The air pollution determination is important in Janapadodwansa context. The vaayu maalinya has got its similarity with air pollution that is existing now days with lots of physical and chemical changes with harmful particles. If the visa is mixed with the dushit vaayu, the vaayu being Laghu sita guna[xiii]* and the Visha  having Usnata, there may the condition that a hot layer (due to usnata) overflows a layer of cold air, and the vertical motion and pollution remain trapped at lower level as mentioned in temperature inversion.  So, vishayukta dushit vaayu is rapid adhering the effects.

*रूक्षमुष्णं तथा तीक्ष्णं सूक्ष्ममाशुव्यवायि च ||सु.कल्प.२/१९||
विकाशि विशदं चैव लघ्वपाकि च तत् स्मृतम् |

 

ENDEMIC / PANDEMIC

Endemic refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area. Hyperendemic refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence. Pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.[xiv]

Discussion: the concept of janapadadwasa has got similarity with endemic and pendemic with reference of the cause of the Janopadodhwansa cause due to the adharma  and pragyaparaada. The unholy and unusual activities of the janapad themselves are responsible for the disasters in there locality. The endemic diseases being itself hidden or suppressed, with the favorable condition it gets outbreak. If the outbreak is taken as a large population, It can said as pendemic (over the country or the state of the nation). Hence, there is import of the disease from outside and the occurrence of the disease is usual and expected.[xv]

 

 GLOBAL WARMING

A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.[xvi] Glaciers serve as early indicators of climate change[xvii]. natural forcers include periodic changes in energy from the sun are the factors of global warming[xviii]. Warming global temperature

• Rising sea levels
• Expansion of deserts
• Extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts,
• heavy rainfall with floods and heavy snowfall
• Ocean acidification
• Species extinction

Discussion

• Since It is accelerating change. It is difficult to assess the full effects of global warming, and harder still to predict future effects. Climate predictions are made with computer models, but these models have assumed a slow, steady rate of change. Our best models predict a temperature rise in this century of between 2.4° and 4.5° C (4.3° and 8.1° F), with an average of about 3° C (5.4° F)[xix] The acceleration of global temperature is reflected in increases in the rate of ice melt. Increasing rates of ice melt should mean an increasing rate of sea level rise, and this is in fact the case. Over most of the 20th century, sea level rose about 2 mm per year. Since 1990, the rate has been about 3 mm per year. This evidences we can get from the consequences of the prakupita loka vayu lakshana illustrating उत्पीडनं सागराणाम् where it has mentioned the ocean regions will be upsurge. This could be the further prediction to those melting ice and the layers of the water portion.

LOK PURUSH SAMANYA SIDDHANTA
(Macrocosm- Microcosm continuum)

‘पुरुषोऽयं लोकसम्मितः । च.शा.५३   

“what is going on in nature the same is happening in one’s own body. The changes in environment has a direct impact on human body”

TREATMENT MEASURES

चतुर्ष्वपि तु दुष्टेषु कालान्तेषु यदा नराः|
भेषजेनोपपाद्यन्ते न भवन्त्यातुरास्तदा|| च.वि. 3/1३

येषां न मृत्युसामान्यं सामान्यं न च कर्मणाम्|
………………………….भेषजं परमुच्यते||च.वि.3/1३ ।।

During the impairment of these Janapadodhwamsakara Bhavas (~factors), if proper medicine administration is done, one need not be afraid of diseases. One does not suffer from these disease even if he is administered with medicines and treatment.

Those who arenot having identical actions during the previous life and those who arenot destined to die due to epidemics therapy is applied.

 

Discussion: This has got the similarity with Disaster Management of the Nation during the disaster. The medicines and other needy materials are to be stored at proper time to combat with the timely emergency.

 

स्वभावतो दुष्परिहार्यत्व…..

वाताज्जलं जलाद्देशं देशात् कालं स्वभावतः|…..च.वि. ३.१०

 One can guard himself against polluted air by keeping himself inside a closed (air right) chamber but he cannot so easily avoid polluted water. By nature air, water, land and season are indispensable in their progressive order. Even polluted water can be avoided with a certain amount of care. But, one cannot keep himself away from the land while living there because the very existence of human beings depends upon the land. One could somehow get away from that particular area to another part of the country in order to avoid the polluted land. But then one cannot guard affected of against the ill effects of polluted seasons. The seasons are the most indispensable ones of the four factors.

Discussion: This has focused to the technique in the contemporary sciences of comfort zone: Person can maintain normal balance between the production and loss of the heat at normal temperature and without sweating. Proper ventilation i.e. समुचित संचरणा  can be another method. Containment[xx] is the other alternative procedure. This procedure closely relates the opinion of Acharya Cakrapani explaining the स्वभावतो दुष्परिहार्यत्व. The technique is similar to the concept of COMFORT ZONE (K. park, p. 680) which is the measure for the prevention of toxic air. Comfort zone is defined as the range of ETs over which the majority of the adults feel comfortable. It is a complex subjective experience depending on physical, psychological factors. The Comfortable are those under which a person can maintain normal balance between the production and loss of heat at normal body temperature and without sweating. 

 

वायु शोधन

धूपन

ततो गुग्गुल्वगुरुसर्जरसवचागौरसर्षपचूर्णै र्लवणनिम्बपत्रविमिश्रैराज्ययुक्तैर्धूपयेत् | (सु.सू.५/१७)

लाक्षाहरिद्रादि योग for विषयुक्त वायु सोधन

लाक्षाहरिद्रातिविषाभयाब्दहरेणुकैलादलवक्रकुष्ठम् |
प्रियङ्गुकां चाप्यनले निधाय धूमानिलौ चापि विशोधयेत ||१७|| (सु.क.३/१७)

 

दुन्दुभि कल्पं

अनेन दुन्दुभिं लिम्पेत् पताकां तोरणानि च |
श्रवणाद्दर्शनात् स्पर्शात् विषात् सम्प्रतिमुच्यते ||४||
एष क्षारागदो नाम …………………

एष तक्षकमुख्यानामपि दर्पाङ्कुशोऽगदः ||सु.क.६/७||

With this formulation one should paste on  पताकां तोरणानि (~trumpet, banners, and gate arches). This neutralize poison by श्रवणाद्दर्शनात् स्पर्शात् (~hearing, seeing and touching). This is called ksharagada. This is indicated always in all types of poison. This formulation even control the group of snake of snake (~trakhsya) The formulations is made with the ingredients of Dhawa-aswokarna-sirisa- and other important ingredients with the rasa ausadhi like naga and tamra, and kshar is formed. The kshar is preserved in kalasha (~golden vessels) for storing purposes. Then it is pasted to different areas mentioned above.

 

विषापहैर्वाऽप्यगदैर्विलिप्य वाद्यानि चित्राण्यपि वादयेत |
तारः सुतारः ससुरेन्द्रगोपः सर्वैश्च तुल्यः कुरुविन्दभागः ||१४||
पित्तेन युक्तः कपिलान्वयेन वाद्यप्रलेपो विहितः प्रशस्तः |
वाद्यस्य शब्देन हि यान्ति नाशं विषाणि घोराण्यपि यानि सन्ति  ||Su.Ka.3/13-15||

विषापहैर्वाऽप्यगदैर्विलिप्य वाद्यानि चित्राण्यपि वादयेत One should also play on various musical instrument pasted with the anti-visa recipes. तारः (~Silver)  सुतारः (~mercury) ससुरेन्द्रगोपः (~gold), कुरुविन्द (~mustaa) equal   with पित्तेन युक्तः कपिलान्वयेन (pounded with bile of a brown cow), pasted together  on musical instrument. By the sound of musical instrument even the severe poisons are destroyed.

 

देवदारुनतानन्तामधुकार्जुनगैरिकम् । ४९

वज्रकन्द लतां लोध्र विकिरेच्छ्लक्षणचूर्णितम् ।

वृक्षाग्रेषु पताकासु दुष्येषु सुमहत्सु च । अ.स्र. सू. ८/ ५०

सर्वतश्चूर्णसंपर्काचिर्विषो जायतेऽनिलः ।

According to Acharya vagvata explanation fine powder of devadaaru, nata Ananta (~priyangu) and lodhra is to be sprinkled over the tip of the trees, flagposts, tall pillars, gabels of tall houses, etc. By coming in contact with this powder everywhere, the poisoned air become detoxicated.

 

Discussion: The explanation given by two acharyas, elaborates that for the intensity of the purification property, pasting ingredient should contain rasa medicines. Some authors explain this as the Nanotechnology where nano-particles molecules plays vital role for the effectiveness with sensitivity of the drug target and drug action. Ayurvedic Bhasma may hold strong relevance in the emerging era of nanomedicine and can serve as an excellent template for the development of nanomedicine for an efficient therapeutic cure.[xxi]. The vibration mentioned would activate the active molecules according to the up and down assembly.

Nanotechnology can be defined as the science and engineering involved in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of materials and devices whose smallest functional organization, in at least one dimension, is on the nanometer scale or one billionth of a meter. At these scales, consideration of individual molecules and interacting groups of molecules in relation to the bulk macroscopic properties of the material or device becomes important, as it has a control over the fundamental molecular structure, which allows control over the macroscopic chemical and physical properties.[xxii] Targeted delivery, controlled release of the outcome over the short period, sensitivity, specificity and signaling mechanism[xxiii] are the factors which can be predicted and could be observed in दुन्दुभि which need extensive research activities for providing evidences. Electrospraying technique, air filter media with nanotechnology air tubes, nano fibres, scalfolds are the latest technology which follow the principle of adsorption. [xxiv] This adsorption property can be effectively seen in the formulations as it is mentioned to nullify the effect of Takshaka (~Maharsarpa-Divya sarpa-most toxic snake).

होम – हवन 

“प्र यज्ञामनमा व्रिज्ञनम तिराते” (Rigveda 7-61-4) performing sacred Yajna solves all problems of life.

Different literatures are available since the era of Ajurveda.

• Atharveda: Sound therapy aspects of mantra for treatment of physical, psychological & emotional disorders.

– “one who discards Yagya, loses all eminence and grace. Those who perform havan

(Yagya) are blessed by the inculcation of divine glow in their hearts” (Atharv.6/15)

• Samaveda: Process of offering through cosmic radiation of sound energy
• Yajurveda: Scientific aspects of Yagna– Divinity leaves the person who discards Yagya,which is a manifestation of thee” (Yajur.2/22) – The yagyagni enshowers good rains, prosperity and strength” (Yajur. 3/40).
• Geeta: Reveals that all the karmas except the Yagya-karma are the causes of the thralldoms that bind the individual self in the endless cycle of life and death, attachments and sufferings. The karmas of Yagya, charity and tapa purify and illuminate the human life.
• Mahabharta: Affirms that The essence of all religions is incorporated in Yagya There is no regulatory system like Yagya. All saintly men and women should adopt Yagya as a duty of human life

 

Evidence of Effectiveness of Agnihotra (Hawan)

BHOPAL TRAGEDY:

Leakage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas accidently from the Union Carbide factory located in the Bhopal city, claimed as many as eight thousand human lives in addition to thousands of animal lives in one single night. There were, two families —Shri. Sohan Lal S Khushwaha and Shri. M.L. Rathore, which lived in the worst affected area, one mile away from the plant came out unscathed as they were regularly performing Agnihotra (Havan).  In these families, none died. Nobody was even hospitalized despite of being present in the area worst hit by the toxic gas. This observation provides the evidences  that Agnihotra is a powerful antidote to pollution.[xxv]

 

TREATMENT Modalities

PANCHAKARMA:

…..कर्म पञ्चविधं तेषां भेषजं परमुच्यते||च.वि. ३. १५||
For those who are afflicted, Panchakarma is the best treatment for them.

Rasayana therapy:

रसायनानां विधिवच्चोपयोगः प्रशस्यते ।। ||च.वि. ३. १५||
Proper Rasayana therapy done with medicines that are collected before onset of epidemic disease restores physical health.
Along with the medications: the following act is mentioned:

शस्यते देहवृत्तिश्च भेषजैः पूर्वमुद्धृतैः|| च.वि. ३. १४||

सत्यं भूते दया दानं बलयो देवतार्चनम्|
सद्धृत्तस्यानुवृत्तिश्च प्रशमो गुप्तिरात्मनः||१५||
हितं जनपदानां च शिवानामुपसेवनम्|
सेवनं ब्रह्मचर्यस्य तथैव ब्रह्मचारिणाम्||१६||  
सङ्कथा धर्मशास्त्राणां महर्षीणां जितात्मनाम्|
धार्मिकैः सात्त्विकैर्नित्यं सहास्या वृद्धसम्मतैः||१७||
इत्येतद्भेषजं प्रोक्तमायुषः परिपालनम्|
येषामनियतो मृत्युस्तस्मिन् काले सुदारुणे|| च.वि. ३. १८||

Physical health is to be maintained with such drugs as are collected during the onset of epidemics. (sastra to be protected using the mantra. The truth speaking, dear to animals. Sacrifice, sadvritt, self-protect, residing in proper place, desha, jala, vayu non vitiating, residing be with the bramachari, maharishi).

Discussion: Along with the Panchakarma and Rasayana therapy the coordination of every individuals for the control and prevention of the disease is important and plays vital for the management timely.

CONCLUSIONS

• Environmental health is rooted in the Vatakalakaliya chapter in
  the Sutrasthana and then in the Janopadodhwansa Adhyaya by Caraka. The context mixed with Visha has been explained by Acharya Sushruta in Kalpasthan.
• Janapada are threatened by the effect of Vayu malinya.
• Prakriti although playing vital role for purification of Vaayu malinya with its Prakrit guna , due to large upgrowing of Janapada and their Adharma, it is becoming
• Vikrita vayu manifests ऋतुविषम, अतिचल, अतिशीत, अतिरूक्षं causing शिखरिशिखरावमथन, सरसा उद्वर्तन, भूम आकम्पनं etc. along with manifestation of  Roga.
• जनपदोद्ध्वंस r.t वायु मालिन्या has close relevance with greatest issue of today’s time : Pollution, Endemic, and Global warming.
• The grave problems like Pollution, Endemics & Global Warming are detrimental and create hazard to Purusha – (Loka purusha siddhantha).
• Those should be overcome by the Shodhana and Samana, ethical conduct with implementation of Sadvritta, Achara Rasayana with respect to Janapad. 

References 

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